Neumomediastino espontáneo en un paciente con COVID-19 / Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in a Patient with COVID-19

Los pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV2 presentan manifestaciones variadas consecuentes con el impacto multiorgánico de este virus en la economía del ser humano. Sin embargo, las afecciones pulmonares son las predominantes, dado que abarcan desde sutiles infiltrados en "vidrio esmerilado" hasta un gran compromiso del parén quima pulmonar. El neumomediastino es una expresión rara que se presenta tan solo en un 1% de los pacientes. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón con COVID-19 crítico que desarrolla neumomediastino sin neumotórax.

Patients infected with SARS-CoV2 show various manifestations consistent with the multiorgan impact of this virus in the system of the human being. However, pulmonary conditions are the most predominant: from slight ground glass infiltrates to severe in volvement of pulmonary parenchyma. Pneumomediastinum is a rare expression that only occurs in 1% of patients. We present the case of a critically ill male patient with COVID-19 who develops pneumomediastinum without pneumothorax.

Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in a Patient with COVID-19 / Neumomediastino espontáneo en un paciente con COVID-19

ABSTRACT Patients infected with SARS-CoV2 show various manifestations consistent with the multiorgan impact of this virus in the system of the human being. However, pulmonary conditions are the most predominant: from slight ground glass infiltrates to severe involvement of pulmonary parenchyma. Pneumomediastinum is a rare expression that only occurs in 1% of patients. We present the case of a critically ill male patient with COVID-19 who develops pneumomediastinum without pneumothorax.

RESUMEN Los pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV2 presentan manifestaciones variadas consecuentes con el impacto multiorgánico de este virus en la economía del ser humano. Sin embargo, las afecciones pulmonares son las predominantes, dado que abarcan desde sutiles infiltrados en "vidrio esmerilado" hasta un gran compromiso del parénquima pulmonar. El neumomediastino es una expresión rara que se presenta tan solo en un 1% de los pacientes. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón con COVID-19 crítico que desarrolla neumomediastino sin neumotórax.

Juvenile cannabidiol chronic treatments produce robust changes in metabolic markers in adult male Wistar rats.

The use of cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychotropic compound derived from Cannabis sativa, for therapeutic purposes is growing exponentially by targeting the management of multiple medical disorders, including metabolic-related diseases. Nevertheless, substantial questions have emerged in concerning the potential metabolic disturbances in adulthood as consequence of the long-term uses of CBD during early years of life. Therefore, we studied whether chronic CBD injections (5, 10 or 30 mg/kg; i.p.) given to juvenile rats (from post-natal day [PND] 30) for 14 days might influence in adulthood the activity of metabolic markers, such as glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides as well as activity of antioxidants (DPPH) from plasma, white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), liver, and hypothalamus. Our results showed that adult rats treated during juvenile ages with CBD (5, 10 or 30 mg/kg) for two weeks increased the contents of glucose whereas with no changes on total cholesterol in adulthood were observed. Additionally, a significant decrease in the levels of triglycerides were found in plasma, WAT, BAT, and liver in adult rats treated with chronic injections of CBD during the adolescence. However, unexpectedly, the contents of triglycerides in hypothalamus were found enhanced. Finally, the DPPH assay showed a significant enhancement in triglycerides analyzed from WAT and liver whereas opposite findings were observed in BAT and no significant changes were found in hypothalamus in adult rats that received during the adolescence chronic injections of CBD. In conclusion, repeated CBD administration to juvenile rats induced significant alterations in multiple metabolic markers analyzed in the adulthood. Our findings highlight the relevance of chronic CBD treatment in disturbed metabolic activity and remark the need for studying the underlying mechanisms involved.

The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor in Addiction: A Novel Drug Target.

The peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are a superfamily of well-recognized ligand-binding nuclear receptors comprising three isoforms: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARß/δ. In response to endogenous lipid messengers, PPARs trigger the transcription of genes related to a wider spectrum of physiological phenomena, including fatty acid oxidation, inflammation, adipogenesis, among many others. Thus, the importance of PPARs as putative protective therapy in health issues has increased the interest of studying these nuclear receptors, including the management of neurodegenerative disorders, multiple sclerosis, and likely addiction. In recent years, several pieces of evidence from animal models have demonstrated the promising role of PPARs as a critical element for interventions in addictive behaviors by reducing the reinforcing properties of addictive substances such as alcohol. However, there is a lack of data in the scope and has so far been unexplored the function of PPARs in additional drugs such as cannabis, opioids, methamphetamine, or cocaine. A similar scenario has been found for the management of binge-type eating disorders. Thus, here we review recent advances in understanding the relevance of the PPAR controlling addiction.

The Endocannabinoid System as Modulator of Exercise Benefits in Mental Health.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 47 million people display mental health disorders Worldwide. In addition, epidemiological studies have shown that the extension of life expectancy and the increase in aged population will significantly impact the prevalence of several mental impairments. Although there are strategies for preventing and alleviating mental illnesses, such as pharmacological and psychological approaches, limited results have been observed. Thus, the search for new therapeutics for managing psychiatric disorders has explored multiple roads. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that physical activity and exercise promote health benefits. On the other hand, among the neurobiological systems that participate in the genesis and development of mental disruptions, the endocannabinoid system has been suggested as an active player. Supporting this hypothesis, data suggest that the elements comprising the endocannabinoid system, such as the CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands (N-arachidonoylethanolamine [anandamide, AEA] and 2- arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG]), transporters and the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of the AEA and 2-AG, modulate mental diseases. In this review, we discuss that the endocannabinoid system might be considered as a modulator for the positive outcomes of exercise in the management of mental disorders. Clinically, this promising field might be exploited by targeting the elements of the endocannabinoid system aimed to increase the exercise benefits applied to patients with mental illnesses.